All mammals feed their young. Beluga
whale mothers, for example, nurse their calves for
some twenty months, until
they are about to give birth again and their young are able to
find their own food. The
behavior of feeding of the young is built into the reproductive
Line system. It is a nonelective part of parental
care and the defining feature of a mammal, the
(5) most important thing that mammals-- whether
marsupials, platypuses, spiny anteaters, or
placental mammals -- have in common.
But not all animal parents, even
those that tend their offspring to the point of hatching or
birth, feed their young.
Most egg-guarding fish do not, for the simple reason that their
young are so much smaller
than the parents and eat food that is also much smaller than
(10) the food eaten by adults. In reptiles, the
crocodile mother protects her young after they
have hatched and takes them
down to the water, where they will find food, but she does
not actually feed them. Few
insects feed their young after hatching, but some make other
arrangement, provisioning
their cells and nests with caterpillars and spiders that they have
paralyzed with their venom
and stored in a state of suspended animation so that their
(15) larvae might
have a supply of fresh food when they hatch.
For animals other than mammals, then,
feeding is not intrinsic to parental care. Animals
add it to their
reproductive strategies to give them an edge in their lifelong quest for
descendants. The most
vulnerable moment in any animal's life is when it first finds itself
completely on its own, when
it must forage and fend for itself. Feeding postpones that
(20) moment until a young animal has grown to such
a size that it is better able to cope. Young
that are fed by their
parents become nutritionally independent at a much greater fraction
of their full adult size.
And in the meantime those young are shielded against the vagaries
of fluctuating of
difficult-to-find supplies. Once a species does take the step of feeding its
young, the young become
totally dependent on the extra effort. If both parents are
(25) removed, the
young generally do no survive.
1. What
does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The care that various animals give to
their offspring.
(B) The difficulties young animals face in
obtaining food.
(C) The methods that mammals use to nurse
their young.
(D) The importance among young mammals of becoming independent.
2. The
author lists various animals in line 5 to
(A) contrast the feeding habits of different
types of mammals
(B) describe the process by which mammals came
to be defined
(C) emphasize the point that every type of
mammal feeds its own young
(D) explain why a particular feature of mammals is nonelective
3. The
word "tend" in line 7 is closest in meaning to
(A) sit on (B)
move (C) notice (D) care for
4. What
can be inferred from the passage about the practice of animal parents feeding
their young?
(A) It is unknown among fish. (B) It is
unrelated to the size of the young.
(C) It is dangerous for the parents. (D) It is most common among
mammals.
5. The
word "provisioning" in line 13 is closest in meaning to
(A) supplying (B) preparing (C) building (D) expanding
6. According
to the passage, how do some insects make sure their young have food?
(A) By storing food near their young.
(B) By locating their nests or cells near
spiders and caterpillars.
(C) By searching for food some distance from
their nest.
(D) By gathering food from a nearby water source.
7. The
word "edge" in line 17 is closest in meaning to
(A) opportunity (B) advantage (C) purpose (D) rest
8. The
word "it" in line 20 refers to
(A) feeding (B) moment (C) young animal (D) size
9. According
to the passage, animal young are most defenseless when
(A) their parents are away searching for food
(B) their parents have many young to feed
(C) they are only a few days old
(D) they first become independent
10. The
word "shielded" in line 22 is closest in meaning to
(A) raised (B)
protected (C) hatched (D) valued
Question 11-21
Printmaking is the generic term for a
number of processes, of which woodcut and
engraving are two prime
examples. Prints are made by pressing a sheet of paper (or other
material) against an
image-bearing surface to which ink has been applied. When the paper
is removed, the image
adheres to it, but in reverse.
Line
(5) The woodcut had been used in China
from the fifth century A.D. for applying patterns to
textiles. The process was
not introduced into Europe until the fourteenth century, first for
textile decoration and then
for printing on paper. Woodcuts are created by a relief process;
first, the artist takes a
block of wood, which has been sawed parallel to the grain, covers it
with a white ground, and
then draws the image in ink. The background is carved away,
(10) leaving the design area slightly raised. The
woodblock is inked, and the ink adheres to the
raised image. It is then
transferred to damp paper either by hand or with a printing press.
Engraving, which grew out of the
goldsmith's art, originated in Germany and northern Italy
in the middle of the
fifteenth century. It is an intaglio process (from Italian intagliare, "to
carve"). The image is
incised into a highly polished metal plate, usually copper, with a
(15) cutting instrument, or burin. The artist inks
the plate and wipes it clean so that some ink
remains in the incised
grooves. An impression is made on damp paper in a printing press,
with sufficient pressure being applied so that the
paper picks up the ink.
Both woodcut and engraving have
distinctive characteristics. Engraving lends itself to
subtle modeling and shading
through the use of fine lines. Hatching and cross-hatching
(20) determine the degree of light and shade in a
print. Woodcuts tend to be more linear, with
sharper contrasts between
light and dark. Printmaking is well suited to the production of
multiple images. A set of
multiples is called an edition. Both methods can yield several
hundred good-quality prints
before the original block or plate begins to show signs of wear.
Mass production of prints
in the sixteenth century made images available, at a lower cost,
(25) to a much broader
public than before.
11. What
does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The origins of textile decoration (B) The characteristics
of good-quality prints
(C) Two types of printmaking (D) Types of paper used in
printmaking
12. The
word "prime" in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) principal (B)
complex (C) general (D) recent
13. The
author's purposes in paragraph 2 is to describe
(A) the woodcuts found in China in the fifth
century
(B) the use of woodcuts in the textile
industry
(C) the process involved in creating a woodcut
(D) the introduction of woodcuts to Europe
14. The
word "incised" in line 14 is closest in meaning to
(A) burned (B) cut (C) framed (D) baked
15. Which
of the following terms is defined in the passage/
(A) "patterns" (line 5) (B)
"grain" (line 8)
(C) "burin" (line 15) (D) "grooves" (line
16)
16. The
word "distinctive" in line 18 is closest in meaning to
(A) unique (B)
accurate (C) irregular (D) similar
17. According
to the passage, all of the following are true about engraving EXCEPT that it
(A) developed from the art of the goldsmiths
(B) requires that the paper be cut with a
burin
(C) originated in the fifteenth century
(D) involves carving into a metal plate
18. The
word "yield" in line 22 is closest in meaning to
(A) imitate (B)
produce (C) revise (D) contrast
19. According
to the passage, what do woodcut and engraving have in common?
(A) Their designs are slightly raised.
(B) They achieve contrast through hatching and
cross-hatching.
(C) They were first used in Europe.
(D) They allow multiple copies to be produced from one original.
20. According
to the author, what made it possible for members of the general public to own
prints in the sixteenth century?
(A) Prints could be made at low cost.
(B) The quality of paper and ink had improved.
(C) Many people became involved in the
printmaking industry.
(D) Decreased demand for prints kept prices affordable.
21. According
to the passage, all of the following are true about prints EXCEPT that they
(A) can be reproduced on materials other than
paper
(B) are created from a reversed image
(C) show variations between light and dark
shades
(D) require a printing press
Questions 22-31
The first peoples to inhabit what
today is the southeastern United States sustained
themselves as hunters and
gathers. Sometimes early in the first millennium A.D., however,
they began to cultivate
corn and other crops. Gradually, as they became more skilled at
Line gardening, they settled into permanent
villages and developed a rich culture, characterized
(5) by the great earthen mounds they erected as
monuments to their gods and as tombs for
their distinguished dead.
Most of these early mound builders were part of the
Adena-Hopewell culture,
which had its beginnings near the Ohio River and takes its name
from sites in Ohio. The
culture spread southward into the present-day states of Louisiana,
Alabama, Georgia, and
Florida. Its peoples became great traders, bartering jewellery,
(10) pottery, animal pelts, tools, and other goods
along extensive trading networks that
stretched up and down eastern North America and as far west as
the Rocky Mountains.
About A.D. 400, the Hopewell culture
fell into decay. Over the next centuries, it was
supplanted by another culture,
the Mississippian, named after the river along which many
of its earliest villages
were located. This complex civilization dominated the Southeast from
(15) about A.D. 700 until shortly before the
Europeans began arriving in the sixteenth century.
At the peak of its
strength, about the year 1200, it was the most advanced culture in North
America. Like their
Hopewell predecessors, the Mississippians became highly skilled at
growing food, although on a
grander scale. They developed an improved strain of corn,
which could survive in wet
soil and a relatively cool climate, and also learned to cultivate
(20) beans. Indeed, agriculture became so important
to the Mississippians that it became
closely associated with the
Sun – the guarantor of good crops. Many tribes called
themselves "children
of the Sun" and believed their omnipotent priest-chiefs were
descendants of the great sun god.
Although most Mississippians lived in
small villages, many others inhabited large towns.
(25)
Most of these towns boasted at least one major
flat-topped mound on which stood a
temple that contained a
sacred flame. Only priests and those charged with guarding the
flame could enter the
temples. The mounds also served as ceremonial and trading sites,
and
at times they were used as burial grounds.
22. What
does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The development of agriculture
(B) The locations of towns and villages
(C) The early people and cultures of the
United States
(D) The construction of burial mounds
23. Which
of the following resulted from the rise of agriculture in the southeastern
United States?
(A) The development of trade in North America
(B) The establishment of permanent settlements
(C) Conflicts with other Native American
groups over land
(D) A migration of these peoples to the Rocky Mountains.
24. What
does the term "Adena-Hopewell" (line 7) designate?
(A) The early locations of the Adena-Hopewell
culture
(B) The two most important nations of the
Adena-Hopewell culture
(C) Two former leaders who were honored with
large burial mounds.
(D) Two important trade routes in eastern North America
25. The
word "bartering" in line 9 is closest in meaning to
(A) producing (B) exchanging (C) transporting (D) loading
26. The
word "supplanted" in line 13 is closest in meaning to
(A) conquered (B) preceded (C) replaced (D) imitated
27. According
to the passage, when did the Mississippian culture reach its highest point of
development?
(A) About A.D. 400 (B) Between A.D. 400 and
A.D. 700
(C) About A.D. 1200 (D)
In the sixteenth century
28. According
to the passage, how did the agriculture of the Mississippians differ from that
of their Hopewell predecessors?
(A) The Mississippians produced more durable
and larger crops of food.
(B) The Mississippians sold their food to
other groups.
(C) The Mississippians could only grow plants
in warm, dry climates.
(D) The Mississippians produced special foods for their religious
leaders.
29. Why
does the author mention that many Mississippians tribes called themselves
"children of the Sun" (line 22)?
(A) To explain why they were obedient to their
priest-chiefs.
(B) To argue about the importance of religion
in their culture.
(C) To illustrate the great importance they
placed on agriculture.
(D) To provide an example of their religious rituals.
30. The
phrase "charged with" in line 26 is closest in meaning to
(A) passed on (B)
experienced at
(C) interested in (D)
assigned to
31. According
to the passage, the flat-topped mounds in Mississippian towns were used for all
of the following purposes EXCEPT
(A) religious ceremonies (B) meeting
places for the entire community
(C) sites for commerce (D) burial sites
Question 32-40
Overland transport in the United
States was still extremely primitive in 1790. Roads were
few and short, usually
extending from inland communities to the nearest river town or
seaport. Nearly all
interstate commerce was carried out by sailing ships that served the
Line bays and harbors of the seaboard. Yet, in
1790 the nation was on the threshold of a new
(5) era of road development. Unable to finance
road construction, states turned for help to
private companies,
organized by merchants and land speculators who had a personal
interest in improved
communications with the interior. The pioneer in this move was the
state of Pennsylvania,
which chartered a company in 1792 to construct a turnpike, a road
for the use of which a
toll, or payment, is collected, from Philadelphia to Lancaster. The
(10) legislature gave the company the authority to
erect tollgates at points along the road
where payment would be
collected, though it carefully regulated the rates. (The states had
unquestioned authority to regulate private business in
this period.)
The company built a gravel road
within two years, and the success of the Lancaster Pike
encouraged imitation.
Northern states generally relied on private companies to build their
(15) toll roads, but Virginia constructed a network
at public expense. Such was the road
building fever that by 1810
New York alone had some 1,500 miles of turnpikes extending
from the Atlantic to Lake Erie.
Transportation on these early
turnpikes consisted of freight carrier wagons and passenger
stagecoaches. The most common
road freight carrier was the Conestoga wagon, a vehicle
(20) developed in the mid-eighteenth century by
German immigrants in the area around
Lancaster, Pennsylvania. It
featured large, broad wheels able to negotiate all but the
deepest ruts and holes, and
its round bottom prevented the freight from shifting on a hill.
Covered with canvas and
drawn by four to six horses, the Conestoga wagon rivaled the log
cabin as the primary symbol
of the frontier. Passengers traveled in a variety of
(25) stagecoaches, the most common of which had
four benches, each holding three persons.
It was only a platform on
wheels, with no springs; slender poles held up the top, and
leather curtains kept out dust and rain.
32. Paragraph
1 discusses early road building in the United States mainly in terms of the
(A) popularity of turnpikes (B) financing
of new roads
(C) development of the interior (D)
laws governing road use
33. The
word "primitive" in line 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) unsafe (B)
unknown (C) inexpensive (D) undeveloped
34. In
1790 most roads connected towns in the interior of the country with
(A) other inland communities (B) towns in
other states
(C) river towns or seaports (D) construction sites
35. The
phrase "on the threshold of" in line 4 and 5 is closest in meaning to
(A) in need of (B)
in place of
(C) at the start of (D)
with the purpose of
36. According
to the passage, why did states want private companies to help with road
building?
(A) The states could not afford to build roads
themselves.
(B) The states were not as well equipped as
private companies.
(C) Private companies could complete roads
faster than the states.
(D) Private companies had greater knowledge of the interior.
37. The
word "it" in line 11 refers to
(A) legislature (B) company (C) authority (D) payment
38. The
word "imitation" in line 14 is closest in meaning to
(A) investment (B)
suggestion (C) increasing (D) copying
39. Virginia
is mentioned as an example of a state that
(A) built roads without tollgates
(B) built roads with government money
(C) completed 1,500 miles of turnpikes in one
year
(D) introduced new law restricting road use
40. The
"large, broad wheels" of the Conestoga wagon are mentioned in line 21
as an example of a feature of wagons that was
(A) unusual in mid-eighteenth century vehicles
(B) first found in Germany
(C) effective on roads with uneven surfaces
(D) responsible for frequent damage to freight
Question 41- 50
In
Death Valley, California, one of the hottest, most arid places in North
America, there is
much salt, and salt can
damage rocks impressively. Inhabitants of areas elsewhere, where
streets and highways are
salted to control ice, are familiar with the resulting rust and
Line deterioration on cars. That attests to the
chemically corrosive nature of salt, but it is not
(5) the way salt destroys rocks. Salt breaks
rocks apart principally by a process called crystal
prying and wedging. This
happens not by soaking the rocks in salt water, but by moistening
their bottoms with salt
water. Such conditions exist in many areas along the eastern edge
of central Death Valley.
There, salty water rises from the groundwater table by capillary
action through tiny spaces in sediment until it reaches the
surface.
(10) Most stones have capillary
passages that suck salt water from the wet ground. Death
Valley provides an
ultra-dry atmosphere and high daily temperatures, which promote
evaporation and the
formation of salt crystals along the cracks or other openings within
stones. These crystals grow
as long as salt water is available. Like tree roots breaking up a
sidewalk, the growing
crystals exert pressure on the rock and eventually pry the rock apart
(15) along planes of weakness, such as banding in
metamorphic rocks, bedding in sedimentary
rocks, or preexisting or
incipient fractions, and along boundaries between individual
mineral crystals or grains.
Besides crystal growth, the expansion of halite crystals (the same
as everyday table salt) by
heating and of sulfates and similar salts by hydration can
contribute additional
stresses. A rock durable enough to have withstood natural conditions
(20) for a very long time in other areas could
probably be shattered into small pieces by salt
weathering within a few generations.
The
dominant salt in Death Valley is halite, or sodium chloride, but other salts,
mostly
carbonates and sulfates,
also cause prying and wedging, as does ordinary ice. Weathering
by a variety of salts,
though often subtle, is a worldwide phenomenon. Not restricted to
(25) arid regions, intense salt weathering occurs
mostly in salt-rich places like the seashore,
near the large saline lakes
in the Dry Valleys of Antarctica, and in desert sections of
Australia, New Zealand, and central Asia.
41. What
is the passage mainly about?
(A) The destructive effects of salt on rocks.
(B) The impressive salt rocks in Death Valley.
(C) The amount of salt produced in Death
Valley.
(D) The damaging effects of salt on roads and highways.
42. The
word "it" in line 9 refers to
(A) salty water (B) groundwater table (C)
capillary action (D) sediment
43.
The word "exert" in line 14 is closest in
meaning to
(A) put (B)
reduce (C) replace (D) control
44.
In lines 13-17, why does
the author compare tree roots with growing salt crystals?
(A) They
both force hard surfaces to crack.
(B) They both grow as long as water is
available.
(C) They both react quickly to a rise in
temperature.
(D) They both cause salty water to rise from the groundwater
table.
45.
In lines 17-18, the author mentions the "expansion of halite crystals...by heating
and of sulfates and similar salts by hydration" in order to
(A) present
an alternative theory about crystal growth
(B) explain how some rocks are not affected by
salt
(C) simplify the explanation of crystal prying
and wedging
(D) introduce additional means by which crystals destroy rocks
46.
The word
"durable" in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) large (B)
strong (C) flexible (D) pressured
47. The
word "shattered" in line 20 is closest in meaning to
(A) arranged (B)
dissolved
(C) broken apart (D)
gathered together
48. The
word "dominant" in line 22 is closest in meaning to
(A) most recent (B) most
common
(C) least available (D) least
damaging
49. According
to the passage, which of the following is true about the effects of salts on
rocks?
(A) Only two types of salts cause prying and
wedging.
(B) Salts usually cause damage only in
combination with ice.
(C) A variety of salts in all kinds of
environments can cause weathering.
(D) Salt damage at the seashore is more severe than salt damage in Death
Valley.
50. Which
of the following can be inferred from the passage about rocks that are found in
areas where ice is common?
(A) They are protected from weathering.
(B) They do not allow capillary action of
water.
(C) They show similar kinds of damage as rocks
in Death Valley.
(D) They contain more carbonates than
sulfates.
ANSWER KEY
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